Senin, 03 Mei 2010

Globalization in Constructing Global Realism: Distortion to The Concept of Sovereignty

Prologue
Globalization became the most discussed term when the cold war ended in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The changes that had occurred in almost all international political atmosphere affected most aspects of the international political analysis because of globalizaion. Many stated that the world is now unmeasured, nothing can measure the political behavior of the states, the actors themselves that are recognized by the system are not only the states, the concept of sovereignty distorted throughout the emerging of regional organizations whose regulations sometimes become a literal bond for the states as the members. If the international political system pre-coldwar could be positively analyzed by searching the relations of a phenomenon to the coldwar between the United States and Soviet Union, then after Soviet Union collapsed the opinion of the International Relations scholar became widely fragmented. The opinions that arose from the end of coldwar in measuring the polarity system varies from the unipolarity, multipolarity , and even some scholars define the current international political polarity in a condition of a nonpolarity. Although the terms of polarity varies in three, one thing for sure that this wide fragments of international political analysis indicates that the concept of anarchy is intensifying than before the coldwar ended. Why? Because now the states are not depended on two polars, they have their own way to determine their foreign policy without concerning the United States or Soviet Union, so that nowdays the international political system become more than just harder to be analyzed.

The high tension of the coldwar is not the main issue of the international political studies anymore. Now the international politics also concern about the political economy and political cultural aspects. One term that close to the post-coldwar phenomenon is globalization. Globalization could happen in many aspects. Poltical, economics, and cultural could be globalized. This globalization tendency is due to the system that is more anarchic than in the coldwar era, all the elements of the world try to globalize the world through the global integration (that is slowly being realized in UN). Many believe that the world try to stabilize the anarchic system in unclear polarity in international political system by constructing the global governance in United Nations through regional groupings and this many people who believe are not ordinary people, they are international figures, whose statements about the global governance issue initially hidden. This paper try to reveal the building of the supranationalistic government in UN through the regional groupings , and falsibility of the traiditional meaning of sovereignty to construct the new “breed” of sovereignty that sustaining the global governance.

Global Realism: The Way to Explain The Construction of “Neo” Sovereignty
Many international relations scholar question about the traditional concept, meaning, and definitions of the sovereignty. For the globalists and the market-neoliberalists the concept of sovereignty is the main barrier for them. This also happen in the humanitarian intervention dilemma in the United Nations. Although there such kinds of security community and collective security intergovernmental organization sometimes sovereignty be the barrier for their plan and agenda. In response to this problem, the states are avoiding the “open conflict” in explicitly turning the sovereignty into regional-global sovereignty by secretly and slowly omitting their national sovereignty in purpose of constructing a collective sovereignty. This phenomenon can be seen in the intensifying EU, (upcoming) ASEAN Community, and (upcoming)NAFTA-North American Union (NAU). Why these three regional organizations? Because they are the prefect examples of the construction of regional sovereignty that was a part of Lucio Levi’s regional groupings of supranationalistic organization. Global realism is the writer’s own term to define the condition the contemporary international political constellation. This global realism framework is a combination of two classical framework has been updated before. They are (neo) realism, (neo)liberalism, and conspiracy hypothesis. But it does not mean this frame of mind in between the two theories of realism and liberalism, global realism has its own postulate and standpoint, although many are drawn from realism and liberalism. Topics to be discussed to manifest the global realism is the formation of supranationality in supraregional “realm”, namely the establishment of one world government that will be under the frame of one world government.

Why is this frame of mind known as a global realism? Structurally, this framework uses several postulates (neo) realism, such as: Human beings are basically evil, collective security is a way to achieve perpetual peace, the international system which is anarchy is given, and high politics are major issues in International Relations. Although realism postulates dominant thinking within the framework of the global realism, there are several postulates of neo-liberalism like, insovereignty, the actors other than the states which are more influential than states, and the consolidation of state in a larger entity. In addition to liberalism, conspiracy theoretical framework also contributed to the formation of a global mindset is such realism: the existence of a conspiracy consisting of a few influential people in the world that the global international system design. War, peace, trade, and others are in the hands of some influential people.

in particular the global realism has its own postulate portion that constructed through theoretical postulates of mainstream theory. Postulates of global realism are that global realism has a basic assumption that the international system of post-cold war experience anomalies resulting from the loss of the opposing polarity (USSR) from U.S.A. As explained above, scholars widely argued that the international system is in a position of unipolarity, multipolarity, and there is also a statement that the international system at this point in nonpolarity conditions. The emergence of alternative theories also indicate that the international system which is the post-cold war international system is asystem nobody can predict nor measure. Global realism is an idealistic project that was driven from the realist assumption that the man is evil. By not trying to escape from "reality" that man is an evil entity, the global realism rely on collective security to cope with major problems humanity. But one thing that should be aware of is to apply the concept of collective global security in terms of thinking of realism is something that is impossible because the concept of security is a concept that is closely related to the sovereignty of a country. Therefore insovereignty (neoliberalism) is needed here to destruct the concept of sovereignty and replace it with neo-sovereignty which is a new concept of sovereignty, but in the level of global-structural analysis. What does that mean? Namely the establishment of sovereignty in the global level at the expense of state sovereignty and replace it with sovereignty in supranational organizations, which in the global ontology of realism is called the neo-sovereignty. This also is the "attempt" to overcome neorealism structural problems, namely the anarchic international system, therefore supranational governance is needed.

Conclusion: It Is All of Globalization
Does globalization have anything to do with the global realism? Indeed yes, etymologically global realism is the realism that is globalized within the “mainstream” of globalization. Because of the globalization phenomenon, the concept of global realism, sovereignty, insovereignty, neo-sovereignty become the most suitable way and theory to give an exposition, explanation, and solution to the current international political circumstances. The globalization as a process can not be avoided, it is an inevitable process that every entity in this world has to cope with. Therefore as an alternative way to cope with it, global realism is the most suitable and comprehensive way to give an explanation and solution towards anarchic system in post-coldwar international political system.

References:
Drehle. (2006). The Multipolar Unilateralist. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/03/03/AR2006030302055.html accesed on October 17th 2009
Haas, Richard N. (2008). The Age of Nonpolarity: What Will Follow U.S Dominance. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63397/richard-n-haass/the-age-of-nonpolarity accesed on October 17th 2009
Levi, Lucio. (2005). The European Parliament for the Strengthening and Democratization of the UN. http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php/civil_society_statements/c35?theme=alt1 diakses pada 27 Juni 2009

Mandagie, Robin R (2009) One World Government dan Regionalisme: “Kajian Teoritis Mengenai Fenomena Integrasi Regional dalam Kasus ASEAN Commmunity serta Kajian Tendensi European Union dan North American Union Ke Arah Supranasionalitas.” Tugas Akhir HIK. Departemen Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga.
Thompson, William R (1988) On Global War: Historical-Structural Approaches to The World Politics. Columbia, SC: University of South California Press.

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